std::vector::back

 

C++

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Technical Specifications

 

Containers library

array (C++11)

vector

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forward_list (C++11)

list

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multimap

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std::vector

Member functions

vector::vector

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Element access

vector::at

vector::operator[]

vector::front

vector::back

vector::data (C++11)

Iterators

vector::beginvector::cbegin (C++11)

vector::endvector::cend (C++11)

vector::rbeginvector::crbegin (C++11)

vector::rendvector::crend (C++11)

Capacity

vector::empty

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vector::shrink_to_fit (C++11)

Modifiers

vector::clear

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vector::emplace (C++11)

vector::erase

vector::push_back

vector::emplace_back (C++11)

vector::pop_back

vector::resize

vector::swap

 

reference back();
const_reference back() const;

Returns reference to the last element in the container.

Calling back on an empty container is undefined.

Parameters

(none)

Return value

Reference to the last element.

Complexity

Constant.

Notes

For a container c, the expression return c.back(); is equivalent to { auto tmp = c.end(); --tmp; return *tmp; }

Example

The following code uses back to display the last element of a std::vector<char>:

Run this code

#include <vector>
#include <iostream>
 
int main()
{
    std::vector<char> letters {'o', 'm', 'g', 'w', 't', 'f'};
    if (!letters.empty()) {
        std::cout << "The last character is: " << letters.back() << '\n';
    }  
}

Output:

The last character is f

See also

front

access the first element (public member function)